Dental Disease

Dogs rarely suffer from cavities, which are very common in people. However, more than 80 percent of dogs over 3 years of age suffer from periodontal disease. This disease is characterized by inflammation of the structures that hold the tooth – gum tissue, periodontal ligament, cementum – and the bone socket. This disease is caused by bacteria that forms plaque and live in the mouth.

Periodontal disease is very destructive and is the leading cause of tooth loss. It contributes to bone loss, causing jaw fractures within the mouth, but also has far reaching effects – dogs can get heart valve vegetative bacterial growths that can lead to heart failure.

Causes
Bacteria that live in the mouth initially form small deposits on the surface of the tooth with saliva proteins. More bacteria are attracted and cause plaque, the “furry” feeling on your teeth at the end of the day. Within a few days the plaque thickens and mineralizes to become calculi. Dental calculi are rough, irritate the gums and trap bacteria in pockets underneath the gum line. The bacteria release toxins that cause damage to the structures that hold the tooth, leading to tooth loss.

Symptoms

• Bad breath or halitosis
• Fragile, bleeding gums
• Gum recession
• Loose teeth
• Loss of teeth
• Mouth ulcers
• Poor appetite

Diagnosis
Your veterinarian will conduct the following basic steps to diagnose the problem:

• Question you about your dog’s medical history and symptoms
• Perform a physical examination concentrating on your dog’s teeth and mouth

The severity of the disease will be further evaluated by

• Examination of the mouth under general anesthesia, probing all teeth for periodontal pockets and recordign a dental chart
• Full mouth X-rays since 70 percent of the tooth is below the gumline

Additional diagnostic tests may include an anaerobic culture and sensitivity.

Treatment
Treatment usually follows teeth probing and X-rays under general anesthesia. This involves:

1. Cracking off larger deposits of dental calculi
2. Ultrasonic scaling of teeth
3. Polishing and application of fluoride

For more severe cases of peridontal disease, treatment involves:

• Root planing – scraping teeth deep below the gumline
• Surgical periodontal flaps to allow access for even deeper root planing
• Extractions of affected teeth

Prevention
Periodontal disease is prevented by good oral hygiene. Much like people, daily brushing of your dog’s teeth is the best preventative measure, with visits to the veterinarian every six months to check if ultrasonic scalings and root planings are required.

Alternatives to brushing include oral gels containing chlorhexidine, dental-care diets, dental treats and dental toys. Good chewing behavior should be encouraged on appropriate products.